ae*W

Swartbmore Xecture.

oath of allegiance, no forced labour, no compulsorymilitary service. In contrast to the Baptists ,who were not averse to the use of force, the Quakerscounted on slowly maturing conviction as themore lasting means of progress. They had forthat reason only too often to be content with thesecond best. They approved the State as aninstitution of compulsion when it educated itscitizens for freedom, but the method of educationfor freedom which they championed most of allwas the free expression of opinion. Even beforethe soil of Pennsylvania had been cleared of pinesPenn had established a printing press, the firstuncensored press in America . He believed in thepower of truth which will win its cause notwith-standing and despite every kind of lie and deceit.The Quaker was always ready for compromisebut without losing sight of the final goal. On onepoint only he knew no compromise, namely, infreedom of conscience, which he realised by acomplete severance of church from state. AsPenn made freedom of conscience include evenCatholics he was for a time held in suspicion asa " Cryptopapist."

(2) Pennsylvania was the first state whereequality of all citizens became fundamental law.

Penn did away with all differences of rank. Incontrast to the neighbouring state of Virginia,where inheritance by primogeniture was the rule,and to Carolina, whose constitution had beenformed even by such an enlightened man asLocke upon a basis of three classes or orders, inPennsylvania there prevailed a thorough-going