Democracy anb IReligion.

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which I have already quoted, expresses thelonging that every child, rich and poor alike, mayreceive instruction. In Pennsylvania , childrenof twelve years old were obliged to be able to readand write, on pain of a fine upon their parents.Further, special emphasis was laid on manualdexterity. The Quaker Schools were equippedwith gardens and playgrounds. George Foxdevoted a rich endowment of land, made over tohim as a gift by his friend Penn, for the establish-ment of a Botanical Garden. Not to recogniseany difference in value between head-work andhand-work—this idea of the Quakers was to havea lasting future, and to-day it is still fruitful inAmerica .

(5) From the beginning, the close connectionbetween democracy and pacificism is evident.Both are united by the principle of non-violence,though here too in practice compromises wereunavoidable. Force, which in the last resort isarmed force, was approved so far as it is in theservice of justice, in order that peace may bebrought down to our poor earth. Penn, inrecognising private property, approved law courtsand police as its protectors. But as to war Penndid not accept a compromise. He was the firstto put forward a plan for a European league ofstates for the maintenance of peace, unheard of inthat age of mercantilism and trade wars, of theapotheosis of king, state and nation. Penn wasenough of a realist to stipulate for a centralsupreme court which should not only decidedisputes between states but should be strong