IDemocracs artb IReligion.

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hitherto merely an instrument, are affirmingthemselves as an end in their own right. Onecan hear the sound of their million-footed marchthrough the ways of history.

But in America the cradle of the movement wasin Philadelphia, the city of the Quakers. There itwas that the declaration of Independence wasframed, there it was that the constitution ofPennsylvania showed " rights of man " inserted,as a pattern for many others, and civic rightswere set under the protection of courts of justice.There the spirit of the Quakers prevailed overthat of Episcopalian and Puritan, important asthe influence of the latter still is to-day. If weregard Boston and Philadelphia as representingtwo principles that intercross in the American soul, then we may say that the severance ofChurch and State, the pacifist trend in theAmerican soul and the far-reaching applicationof the principle " No compulsion " prove thatPhiladelphia has preponderated. It is the samespirit that reigns in Wilson's fourteen points, inthe Kellogg Pact and in the Hoover-MacDonaldagreement. The world peace, if it is to becomea legal institution, requires a super-state organisa-tion where free states gain more than they giveup, such as the Constitution of the United Statesof America anticipated for the New World andwhich William Penn had proposed for Europe .

If American Quakerism realised itself inpolitical democracy, English Quakerism, a sectoppressed by the State, shows a different sort ofdevelopment. It became in fact from the