Democracy an& TReltaion,

the market and the gain-seeking motive, aimingat a systematic provision of necessary wants inthe service of the whole community. The labourcolonies which John Bellers advocated wereattempts in this direction. There, agriculturaland industrial work were to be knit together inan independent economic unit. By a centralisedsupply of food, dwelling and clothing, the wasteof the small household was to be avoided. Moneywas to be abolished and labour to be adopted asstandard of value.

Other elements in Bellers ' scheme are thehigh value he assigns to manual work as againstbook-knowledge, and to the education of youngpeople for a common life and a common work." The happiness of the next generation dependson the children of the present being well educated."Bellers compares education to the polishing ofdiamonds so as to bring out their brilliance andvalue. Bellers' ideas survived in weakened formin the Quaker workhouse at Clerkenwell, foundedin 1702, which continued to serve as a schoolafter 1811.

But leaving these more definitely socialisticprojects out of account, Quakerism was predomi-nantly active in the sphere of " social reform."Accepting the fundamental facts of the Capitalistic system, the Society of Friends strove for theabolition of pauperism which was the result firstof the separation of the peasant from the land bythe development of landlordism, and then of theartisan from his handicrafts by the introductionof machinery. The first tendency was already