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The economic consequences of the peace / by John Maynard Keynes
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254 THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE ch.

Loans to

By UnitedStates .

By UnitedKingdom .

By France .

Total.

£

£

£

£

United

Kingdom

842,000,000

842,000,000

France

550,000,000

508,000,000

1,058,000,000

Italy

325,000,000

467,000,000

35,000,000

827,000,000

Russia

38,000,000

568,000,000*

160,000,000

766,000,000

Belgium .

80,000,000

98,000,000 2

90,000,000

268,000,000

Serbia and

Jugo-Slavia

20,000,000

20,000,000 2

20,000,000

60,000,000

Other

Allies .

35,000,000

. 79,000,000

50,000,000

164,000,000

Total .

1,900,000,000 3

1,740,000,000

355,000,000

3,995,000,000

Thus the total volume of Inter-Ally indebtedness,assuming that loans from one Ally are not set offagainst loans to another, is nearly £4,000,000,000.The United States is a lender only. The UnitedKingdom has lent about twice as much as she hasborrowed. France has borrowed about three timesas much as she has lent. The other Allies have beenborrowers only.

If all the above Inter-Ally indebtedness weremutually forgiven, the net result on paper (i.e. assum-ing all the loans to be good) would be a surrenderby the United States of about £2,000,000,000 andby the United Kingdom of about £900,000,000.France would gain about £700,000,000 and Italy

The total excludes loans raised by the United Kingdom on the market inthe United States, and loaus raised by France on the market in the UnitedKingdom or the United States, or from the Bank of England .

1 This allows nothing for interest on the debt since the BolshevikRevolution.

2 No interest has been charged on the advances made to these countries.

3 The actual total of loans by the United States up to date is verynearly £2,000,000,000, but I have not got the latest details.