AND ON THE CONTINENT.

05

1.—Arranynncnt and Division of Labour in the Industry.

Marshall, in one portion of his last work, points to the connec-tion between national economy and natural science. The latter hasborrowed from national economical writers tbe representation ofthe struggle for existence; but to-day it pays back the debt byenriching national economy with its teaching of organicdevelopment. Marshall thinks, apparently, in this respect, aboutthe development-teaching of Herbert Spencer , which allowshappy analogies to be applied to the social and economical side.

Every development consists, according to this view, in thefirst instance in the formation of single centres for development bythe collection of matter; it is in the first degree a history ofincreasing dimensions and accumulating positiveness, as comparedwith the surrounding state : Integration. Besides this, it is a.history of growing inner valuation. The homogeneous structuregives way to the improvement of parts, which develop themselvesindependently in an increasing degree and ever undertake morevaried functions. But in proportion as the parts become differentfrom one another their mutual dependence increases. The onecannot exist without the other; a change of the part alters thewhole ; a disturbance of the part disturbs the whole: Differentia-tion. This is applicable to physiological as well as socialoccurrences.

Tlius the development progresses from the minute living form ofthe lowest class to the powerful phase of the higher animalworld; from the protoplast, which is very little different fromits surroundings, to definite wholes, complete of themselves, andsharply defined from their surroundings. Whilst in the lowerstages of development the inner structure is homogeneous, anincreasing variation of the parts is ever formed ; in place of similar-shaped cellular formations appear complicated organisms.Originally every part performs all functions; thus the originalparticle performs the functions of nourishment and perpetuationat the same time. Later on there is developed for every functiona special organ. Therewith the mutual dependency of the partsupon one another increases; for instance, of the heart upon thenerve system, and of the whole upon the parts. Those lowerstages of life can be separated at will; they still live on. Themutilation of one of the organs of the higher organism is detri-mental to all the other organs, indeed can kill the whole organism

(G)._ _

0. Compare, for this, Herbert Spencer : “ First Principles ” nnd“ Principlesof Biology,” part I.

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