AND ON THE CONTINENT.

41

less (16). The same tiling applies to a portion of the costs ofrunning; for instance, steam power, lighting, tending, etc.Entirely dependent upon steam power (16a), these great spinning-mills sought unrestrained the most favourable situation, especiallythe neighbourhood of similar mills. Thus arose those factorytowns with workers solely trained for cotton manipulation.

Side by side with the concentration of the industry, the strivingafter cheapening the costs of production led to technical advance-ments in a more contracted sphere. These lay in various direc-tions. Experience taught the spinner to use raw materials to agreater extent than before; to spin equally good yarns frompoorer cotton by improved preparation machinery; to lessen theloss during spinning, and to utilise the waste itself for lowerqualities of yarn. In spite of this, the percentage of loss, com-pared with to-day, was still high in every instance.

But the most important developments lay in the replacementof labour by capital and in the increase of labour capacity. Bothdevelopments require one another so much that with regard togreater production it cannot be said how much is due to the oneor the other factor. Machines were originally small, andfound occupation for a great many badly-paid and under-nourished workpeople, but who, on account of their great number,were expensive. But since the employers had to begin to defend thepossession of the markets of the world, this pressure forced a con-tinual lengthening of machines. The number of spindles insingle frames was increased, the speed of the spindles raised, thetraverse of the mule lengthened. Here children were not suffi-cient; grown-up workers were needed, who by means of an in-creased standard of living had to be made capable of attending tothe increased demands of machinery.

In spite thereof, both developments allow themselves to beclearly separated into the development of technical matters and theconsequential alteration of labour. The necessity for cheapeningthe costs of production demanded an increase in the quantityproduced. This was to be attained, in the case of spinning ma-le. Compare Committee on Manufactures (9,166). Also Jannasch: “Dieeurop. Baumwollindustrie ” (Berlin, 1882), p. 21, according to which an engineof 100 h.p. costs only one quarter as much per horse-power as an engine of10 h. p.

16a. Especially did the going over to the self-actor demand steam powerExclusive of preparation, according to Martin, a hand-mule spindle requires0-004 and a self-actor spindle 0-0065 h.p. On the other hand, self-actorsrequire more preparation machinery.