jfr'*.''.

AND ON TIIE CONTINENT. (30

Hits market, uud with a taste for art, is to be desired (11). Onthe other hand the regularity of Oriental conditions grants to thegreater portion of the cotton-weaving mills of Lancashire theadvantage of a similar regular staple industry. If Europeantaste changes according to months and seasons, that of theHindoo changes only after hundreds, even thousands of years.It is therefore correctly stated in Lancashire that the demandfrom India year by year for certain cotton stuffs is as sure as thatthe' English nation requires every year a certain quantity ofwheat.

In the weaving branch the limited principle is, by reason ofthe causes mentioned, less extended, and is certainly confined tothe staple industry for the Eastern markets. Still, according toMr. llawlinson’s communication, about 10 per cent, of the weav-ing-mills of his district are also limited concerns.

The value of this concentration of the industry is best under-stood if one takes into account the division of labour madepossible by it. The latter, first developed in the “thirties” fortho raw-cotton market, has since then taken hold of the wholecotton trade—the manipulation as well as the market for yarnsand woven goods.

We will follow the cotton on its way from the importer to' theexport merchant. The cotton market in Liverpool, highly de-veloped as early as the “thirties,” has entered since then underthe influence of modern traffic facilities—i.e., tho application ofsteam power to transport. In the continual development thathas necessarily followed it has been an example in general forthe technicalities of the world’s commerce (12).

The first of these occurrences was the opening of the railwayfrom Manchester to Liverpool. Up to this time the spinnerchiefly bought from the dealer in Manchester, either from hiswarehouse or according to samples provided. From this timeLiverpool and Manchester became practically one city. Thespinner could go just as easily to the broker in Liverpool as tothe dealer in Manchester, and choose there and then on the spot

11. Herein consists, for instance, the strength of certain German industries.Not only the director, but also his wife, are here often personally engaged indesigning patterns, often of remarkable beauty, as, for instance, in manyexport goods of the Saxon Voigtland.

12. Compare, for instance, Fuchs: “ The Organisation of Liverpool CottonCommerce” (“ Schmoller ’s Annual,” 14th year, part 1.), and the second portionof Ellison’s “ Cotton Trade,” which is devoted to the cotton market.