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trilling, and is counterbalanced by the considerably higher cost ofoverlooking in Saxony. If we compare herewith the instance inOldham , we find, in spite of shorter hours of labour (55 instead of64), a little less weekly production than in Saxony, and a largerthan in Wurttemberg and Bavaria , In spite of the far higherweekly earnings of the English spinner (45s. instead of 22s.) thedifference in the cost of labour is extremely slight (1‘8 in Oldham ,against 1*7 in Saxony). But this insignificant advantage inSaxony is reversed if we take into consideration the cost of over-looking against it. This is the more important, as in Oldham the corresponding overlooking costs are generally not to be takeninto account, because the one overlooker there simply correspondsto a technically-trained employee in German spinning-mills.
Case No. 4 shows the same things for 30’s twist, in a com-*parison between South Germany and Bolton. In the latter townthere are fewer operatives for a greater number of spindles, inspite of which we find a greater speed of the machinery, and byboth means the far higher weekly wages of the operatives and thefar shorter hours of labour more than compensated for. Already,apart from the overlooking, the cost of labour in Bolton per lb. islower than in the South German case. Exactly the same thingresults for 36’s twist in case No. 5.
Especially interesting is case No. 6, which compares two in-stances of 40’s twist in Oldham with one another. The one refersto old, the other to the latest machinery. From these we see inthe clearest way that it is technical development which reallydemands higher capabilities from the operatives, but also inreturn betters their position. Although spinners as well ashelpers stand better in the second instance than in the first, thecost of spinning is considerably less.
Finally, just the same result obtains for the finer yarns (cases7 and 8), which in Germany are only spun in quite isolated in-stances. Especially noticeable is the difference in the conditionsof speed between Bolton and the splendid spinning-mill in Alsace .This difference is also to be ascribed to lower capacity of labour;greater speed would not be economical in Alsace , on account ofincrease of loss in comparison with the theoretical capacity.
Let us condense the results shortly. In England the operativeminds nearly double as much machinery as in Germany ; themachines run quicker; the loss compared with the theoretical