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as in the woollen and worsted industry; in the latter about doubleas high as in silk-weaving at Macclesfield . Corresponding to this,the cotton industry is the oldest and one of the most developedcentralised industries of the world. The English woollen andworsted industry is economically not so far advanced; it stands,as it were, in certain respects on that first step of centralised-industrial development we have so often spoken of. Correspond-ing to this is the degree of social development; in it to-day pre-ponderates class struggle and class hatred, as opposed to thehighly-developed conditions of labour in Lancashire , where theperiod of class struggles falls back into the “thirties” and “forties.”Finally, the silk industry shows, along with the worst position ofthe operatives, also technical conditions remaining extraordinarilybackward.
2. The position of the operatives of the German cotton industryis far lower than that of their contemporaries in Lancashire .In the woollen industry the English stand only a. little abovethe German ; decidedly higher only in the district of Hudders-field. In the silk industry the German operatives enjoyrather a better standard of living than the English . On theother hand, the English cotton industry in neutral markets isfar ahead of the German . In woollen and worsted bothstand about equal; otily the Huddersfield industry is superiorin foreign competition. On the other hand the German silkindustry is driving back the English in its own country.
d. England , as the more economically advanced country, hasits strength on that field of the textile industry in which labourand capital mean almost everything, and the raw material is offar less value in the articles produced. The younger but upward-striving industrial country has thrown itself first, with the greatestsuccess, on textile productions in which material as compared withlabour and capital come largely into consideration, both of whichlatter production elements are cheaper in England than in Ger-many. Therewith England produces more goods for the million,Germany goods for the use of the wealthy classes. The first de-mand centralised undertakings in the highest degree, the latter,on account of the vagaries of fashion, taste, etc., are identifiedeasiest, with smaller undertakings.
The highest standard of living of the working classes, therefore,shows highly developed exporting centralised industries, the reasonfor which, as above ascertained, lies in the continuous replacement