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the machinery for it lias not occurred in the same degree, andthe mills are materially smaller. There are mills with up to 800spindles. On the average the vigogne spinning mills ofCrimmitschau have 7,015 spindles, of Wardau 4,774 ; English woollen spinning mills have on the average no more than 2,237(1890). The vigogne spinning mills in the districts mentionedcomprise about 600,000 spindles. Their production is used inthe knitting mills of Chemnitz and Berlin and the weaving millsof the Rhine Province and Lansitz. In addition, a fair quantityof vigogne yarn is exported to England, and used by theknitters of Leicester and the weavers of Bradford. The exportin 1892 to England was 50,904 owt. The German export would,according to Martin, amount to six times as much if the vigognespinners of Saxony were not the largest proprietors of foreiguvigogne spinning mills—for instance in Russia, Austria, Sweden, and France. Real vigogne spinning, which greases the cotton, isnot included by German statisticians under cotton spinning. Inaddition, outside of the district mentioned, there are not a few ofso-called “two cylinder yarns” produced, i.e., yarns spun withoutrollers, on the woollen system, even if not greased. Since thisclass of spinning is not separated from ordinary cotton spinning,the total extent of this industry can scarcely be correctly gauged.
The same thing applies to weaving as to spinning. There,where plain productions are made, and before anything else itdepends upon the cmtailment of the costs of production by meansof centralised industry, England is pre-eminent. On the otherhand, everywhere where it depends upon designs, colouring, andfinishing, the Germans are capable of competing in the world’smarket, indeed in many cases are strongly interested in export.Whereas the German spinners are Protectionists, the German weavers have long been Free Traders. Not in a. position tocompete in prices of ordinary articles for the million with Eng-land, they understand, however, how to' find customers by adapta-tions of taste, colour, and design, which in some cases may attaineven an artistical completion. In spite of the system of pro-tective tariffs, which at the present juncture obtains in Germany, in spite of the wheat duties, the export of German cotton goods(including yarns) has more than doubled from 1883 to 1893, from£3,600,000 has increased to £7,662,000 ; whilst, as is wellknown, American exports in the same period declined.
But especially does the strength of the German industry show